Momwe mungapangire zida zogwirira ntchito za CNC
Mu buku lonseli lathunthu lopangira makina a CNC, tasonkhanitsa njira zoyambira komanso zapamwamba zopangira ndi malangizo kuti tikuthandizeni kupeza zotsatira zabwino kwambiri pazida zanu.
Pali njira zosavuta zomwe mungachite kuti mukonze bwino mapangidwe anu a makina owongolera manambala a makompyuta (CNC). Mwa kutsatira malamulo opanga mapangidwe (DFM), mutha kupeza zambiri kuchokera ku luso lalikulu la makina a CNC. Komabe, izi zitha kukhala zovuta, chifukwa palibe miyezo yeniyeni yamakampani onse.
Munkhaniyi, tikupereka chitsogozo chokwanira cha njira zabwino kwambiri zopangira makina a CNC. Kuti tipeze zambiri zatsopanozi, tapempha ndemanga kuchokera kwa akatswiri amakampani ndi opereka chithandizo cha makina a CNC. Ngati mukufuna kukonza bwino ndalama zomwe mumagwiritsa ntchito, onani chitsogozo ichi chopangira zida zotsika mtengo za CNC.
Kodi makina a CNC ndi chiyani?
Makina opangira CNC ndi ukadaulo wopanga zinthu zochotsera zinthu. Mu CNC, zinthu zimachotsedwa pa bolodi lolimba pogwiritsa ntchito zida zosiyanasiyana zodulira zomwe zimazungulira mofulumira kwambiri—masauzande a RPM—kuti apange gawo kutengera chitsanzo cha CAD. Zitsulo ndi pulasitiki zonse zimatha kupangidwa ndi makina a CNC.
Zigawo zopangidwa ndi makina a CNC zimakhala ndi kulondola kwakukulu komanso kulekerera kolimba. CNC ndi yoyenera kupanga zinthu zambiri komanso ntchito imodzi yokha. Ndipotu, makina a CNC pakadali pano ndi njira yotsika mtengo kwambiri yopangira zitsanzo zachitsulo, ngakhale poyerekeza ndi kusindikiza kwa 3D.
Kodi zoletsa zazikulu za kapangidwe ka CNC ndi ziti?
CNC imapereka kusinthasintha kwakukulu kwa kapangidwe, koma pali zoletsa zingapo. Zoletsa izi zimagwirizana ndi njira yoyambira yodulira ndipo makamaka zimakhudza mawonekedwe a zida ndi mwayi wopeza zida.
Chida geometry
Zipangizo zodulira za CNC zomwe zimakonda kwambiri (zipangizo zodulira ndi zobowolera) zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe a cylindrical komanso kutalika kochepa kodulira.
Pamene zinthu zikuchotsedwa pa ntchito, mawonekedwe a chidacho amasamutsidwira ku gawo lopangidwa ndi makina. Izi zikutanthauza, mwachitsanzo, kuti ngodya zamkati mwa gawo la CNC nthawi zonse zimakhala ndi radius, mosasamala kanthu kuti chida chodulira chaching'ono bwanji.
Kufikira zida
Kuti achotse zinthu, chida chodulira chimayandikira ntchitoyo mwachindunji kuchokera pamwamba. Zinthu zomwe sizingatheke kuzipeza mwanjira imeneyi sizingapangidwe ndi makina a CNC.
Pali zosiyana ndi lamuloli: ma undercuts. Pali gawo lonena za ma undercuts kumapeto kwa nkhaniyi.
Tikukulimbikitsani kuti mugwirizanitse zinthu zonse za chitsanzo chanu (mabowo, mabowo, makoma oyima, ndi zina zotero) ndi chimodzi mwa njira zisanu ndi chimodzi zazikulu. Komabe, onani lamuloli ngati malangizo osati choletsa, chifukwa makina a CNC a 5-axis amapereka luso lapamwamba logwirira ntchito.
Kupeza zida ndi vutonso pamene makina opangidwa ndi chiŵerengero chachikulu cha kuya ndi m'lifupi. Mwachitsanzo, kuti mufike pansi pa dzenje lakuya, mufunika zida zofikira kwambiri. Izi zikutanthauza kuti chogwirira ntchitocho chimatha kuyenda mosiyanasiyana, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti makina azilankhula bwino komanso kuchepetsa kulondola komwe kungatheke.
Zidzapangitsa kuti kupanga zinthu kukhale kosavuta ngati mupanga zida zomwe zingapangidwe ndi CNC pogwiritsa ntchito chida chomwe chili ndi mainchesi akuluakulu komanso kutalika kochepa kwambiri.
Malangizo a kapangidwe ka CNC
Vuto lomwe limabwera nthawi zambiri popanga gawo la makina a CNC ndilakuti palibe miyezo yeniyeni yamakampani onse. Opanga makina ndi zida za CNC nthawi zonse amawongolera luso la ukadaulo, ndikukulitsa malire a zomwe zingatheke. Gome ili pansipa likufotokoza mwachidule mfundo zomwe zimalimbikitsidwa komanso zomwe zingatheke pazinthu zomwe zimapezeka kwambiri m'zigawo za makina a CNC.
Mabowo ndi matumba
Kuzama kwa dzenje lozungulira komwe kumalimbikitsidwa: kuwirikiza kanayi m'lifupi mwa dzenjelo
Zipangizo zomangira mphero zimakhala ndi kutalika kochepa kodulira (nthawi zambiri 3-4 kukula kwake). Kutembenuka kwa zida, kutulutsa zigamba ndi kugwedezeka kumakhala koonekera kwambiri pamene mabowo ali ndi chiŵerengero chochepa cha kuya ndi m'lifupi.
Kuchepetsa kuya kwa dzenje kufika kanayi m'lifupi mwake kumatsimikizira zotsatira zabwino.
Ngati pakufunika kuya kwakukulu, ganizirani kupanga zigawo zokhala ndi kuya kosinthasintha kwa dzenje.
Kugaya kwakuya: Mabowo okhala ndi kuya kopitilira kasanu ndi kamodzi kuposa kukula kwa chida amaonedwa kuti ndi akuya. Chiŵerengero cha kuya kwa chida pakati pa dayamita ndi dayamita cha 30:1 ndizotheka pogwiritsa ntchito zida zapadera (kuya kwakukulu: 35 cm ndi chida chogaya cha mainchesi 1).
Mabowo ndi matumba
Utali wozungulira wa ngodya
Zolangizidwa: ⅓ kuchulukitsa kuya kwa dzenje (kapena kukulirapo)
Kugwiritsa ntchito mtengo wovomerezeka wa ma radii amkati mwa ngodya kumaonetsetsa kuti chida choyenera cha m'mimba mwake chingagwiritsidwe ntchito ndipo chikugwirizana ndi malangizo a kuya kwa dzenje lomwe limalimbikitsidwa.
Kukweza ma radii a ngodya pamwamba pang'ono pa mtengo woyenera (monga 1 mm), kumalola chida kudula motsatira njira yozungulira m'malo mwa ngodya ya 90. Izi zimakondedwa chifukwa zimapangitsa kuti pamwamba pakhale mawonekedwe abwino kwambiri. Ngati pakufunika makona akuthwa amkati a madigiri 90, ganizirani kuwonjezera T-bone undercut m'malo mochepetsa ngodya ya radius.
Utali wa pansi
anati: 0.5 mm, 1 mm kapena palibe utali wozungulira
Zotheka: utali uliwonse
Zipangizo zomangira zitsulo zimakhala ndi m'mphepete mwachitsulo chosalala kapena chozungulira pang'ono. Ma radii ena apansi amatha kupangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito zida zomangira zitsulo. Ndi njira yabwino yopangira zinthu pogwiritsa ntchito mfundo zomwe zalangizidwa, chifukwa akatswiri a makina amakonda.
Makoma owonda
Kuchuluka kwa khoma
Zoyenera: 0.8 mm (zitsulo), 1.5 mm (pulasitiki)
Zotheka: 0.5 mm (zitsulo), 1.0 mm (pulasitiki)
Kuchepetsa makulidwe a khoma kumachepetsa kuuma kwa zinthuzo, zomwe zimawonjezera kugwedezeka panthawi yopangira ndikuchepetsa kulondola komwe kungatheke. Mapulasitiki amatha kupindika (chifukwa cha kupsinjika kotsalira) ndi kufewa (chifukwa cha kutentha), kotero makulidwe ochepa a khoma amalimbikitsidwa. Mitengo yofunikira yomwe yatchulidwa pamwambapa iyenera kufufuzidwa pamlingo uliwonse.
mabowo
awiri
Zovomerezeka: chobowolera chokhazikika
Chotheka: mainchesi aliwonse okulirapo kuposa 1 mm
Mabowo amapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito chobowolera kapena chida chopangira mphero. Kukula kwa ma bowolo kumafanana ndi muyezo (mu mayunitsi a metric ndi imperial). Zipangizo zoyezera ndi zobowolera zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pomaliza mabowo omwe amafunikira kupirira kolimba. Pa mabowo olondola kwambiri okhala ndi mainchesi ochepera 20 mm, kugwiritsa ntchito mainchesi okhazikika kumalimbikitsidwa.
Kuzama kwakukulu
anati: 4 nthawi ya mainchesi odziwika
Chitsanzo: 10 nthawi ya mainchesi odziwika
Zotheka: 40 nthawi ya mainchesi odziwika
Mabowo okhala ndi mainchesi osakhazikika ayenera kupangidwa ndi chida chopangira mphero. Pankhaniyi, malire a kuya kwa dzenje ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndipo kuya kwapamwamba komwe kumalimbikitsidwa kuyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Mabowo ozama kuposa mtengo wamba amapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito zida zapadera zobowolera (zokhala ndi mainchesi osachepera 3mm). Mabowo osawona omwe amapangidwa ndi mphero ali ndi pansi lozungulira (ngodya ya madigiri 135), pomwe mabowo opangidwa ndi chida chopangira mphero ndi athyathyathya.
Palibe chisankho chapadera pakati pa mabowo odutsa kapena mabowo osawona mu CNC machining.
Mitundu
Mtundu wa mawonekedwe
Osachepera: M1 (ndipo yotsika, nthawi zina)
anati: M6 kapena kuposerapo
Ulusi umadulidwa ndi matepi ndipo ulusi wakunja wokhala ndi matepi. Matepi ndi matepi angagwiritsidwe ntchito kudula ulusi mpaka kufika pa M2. Zipangizo zopangira ulusi wa CNC ndizofala ndipo akatswiri a makina amakonda kwambiri, chifukwa zimachepetsa chiopsezo cha kusweka kwa matepi. Zipangizo zopangira ulusi wa CNC zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kudula ulusi mpaka kufika pa M6.
Kutalika kwa ulusi
Osachepera: 1.5 nthawi ya mainchesi odziwika
anati: 3 nthawi ya mainchesi odziwika
Katundu wambiri womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito pa ulusi umatengedwa ndi mano ochepa oyamba (mpaka nthawi 1.5 kuposa mainchesi oyambira). Chifukwa chake, ulusi wautali kuposa mainchesi oyambira katatu ndi wosafunikira.
Pa ulusi womwe uli m'mabowo osawoneka bwino odulidwa ndi matepi (monga ulusi wonse wochepera M6), onjezerani utali wosalumikizidwa wofanana ndi 1.5 kuchulukitsa kukula kwa mainchesi pansi pa dzenje. Ngati chida cholumikizira ulusi cha CNC chingagwiritsidwe ntchito (monga ulusi wokulirapo kuposa M6), dzenjelo likhoza kulumikizidwa kutalika kwake konse.
Zing'onozing'ono mbali
Osachepera dzenje awiri
anati: 2.5 mm (mainchesi 0.1.”)
Zotheka: 0.05 mm (mainchesi 0.005.”)
Makampani ambiri ogulitsa makina amatha kuyika makina m'mabowo ndi m'mabowo pogwiritsa ntchito zida zokwana 2.5 mm (0.1 mainchesi) m'mimba mwake. Chilichonse chochepera malire awa chimaonedwa ngati makina ang'onoang'ono. Zida zapadera (zobowola zazing'ono) ndi chidziwitso cha akatswiri ndizofunikira kuti makina azigwiritsidwa ntchito chifukwa fizikisi ya njira yodulira imasintha ndi kukula kumeneku. Pokhapokha ngati pakufunika kutero, malangizo ndi oti mupewe.
Kulekerera
Chitsanzo: +-0.1 mm
Zotheka: +-0.02 mm
Ma tolerances athu ndi apakatikati kapena otsika mtengo. Ngati ma tolerances sanatchulidwe, ogwirizana nawo opanga adzagwiritsa ntchito giredi yosankhidwa ya 2768.
Kulekerera kumatanthauza malire a gawo lovomerezeka. Kulekerera komwe kungatheke kumasiyana malinga ndi kukula kwa maziko ndi mawonekedwe a gawolo. Mitengo yomwe ili pamwambapa ndi malangizo oyenera.
Zolemba ndi zilembo
Zoyenera: kukula kwa zilembo 20 (kapena kuposerapo), 5 mm zolembedwa
Zolemba zojambulidwa zimakondedwa kuposa zolemba zojambulidwa, chifukwa zinthu zochepa zimachotsedwa. Kugwiritsa ntchito zilembo zosachepera -20 sans -serif (monga Arial kapena Verdana) kumalimbikitsidwa. Makina ambiri a CNC ali ndi machitidwe okonzedweratu a zilembo izi.
Kukhazikitsa makina a CNC ndi njira zoyendetsera magawo
Ndondomeko ya gawo lomwe limafuna makonzedwe angapo
Kupeza zida ndi chimodzi mwa zoletsa zazikulu pakupanga makina a CNC. Kuti afike pamalo onse a chitsanzocho, chogwirira ntchitocho chiyenera kuzunguliridwa kangapo.
Nthawi iliyonse ntchito ikazunguliridwa, makinawo ayenera kukonzedwanso ndipo dongosolo latsopano logwirizanitsa liyenera kufotokozedwa.
Pakupanga makina, ndikofunikira kuganizira za zinthu ziwiri zofunika kuziganizira:
Chiwerengero chonse cha makina okonzedwa chimakhudza mtengo. Kuzungulira ndi kulumikiza gawolo kumafuna ntchito yamanja ndipo kumawonjezera nthawi yonse yopangira makina. Izi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zovomerezeka ngati gawolo likufunika kuzunguliridwa katatu kapena kanayi, koma chilichonse choposa malire awa chimakhala chochulukirapo.
Kuti tikwaniritse kulondola kwakukulu kwa malo, zinthu ziwiri ziyenera kupangidwa mu dongosolo lomwelo. Izi zili choncho chifukwa gawo latsopano la calibration limayambitsa cholakwika chaching'ono (koma chosafunikira kwenikweni).
Kodi 5-axis CNC Machining ndi chiyani?
Makina a CNC okhala ndi ma axis 5 amasuntha zida zodulira kapena zigawo motsatira ma axes asanu nthawi imodzi. Makina a CNC okhala ndi ma axis ambiri amatha kupanga zigawo zokhala ndi ma geometries ovuta, chifukwa amapereka ma axes awiri ozungulira. Makinawa amachotsa kufunikira kwa makina angapo.
Kodi ubwino ndi zofooka za makina opangira CNC a 5-axis ndi ziti?
Makina opangira CNC okhala ndi axis zisanu amalola chidacho kukhala cholunjika nthawi zonse pamwamba pa chodulira. Njira zogwiritsira ntchito zimatha kukhala zovuta komanso zogwira mtima, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti magawo azikhala ndi mawonekedwe abwino komanso nthawi yochepa yopangira.
Komabe, CNC ya 5-axis ili ndi zoletsa zake. Ma geometry oyambira a zida ndi zoletsa zopezera zida zimagwiritsidwabe ntchito (mwachitsanzo, ziwalo zomwe zili ndi ma geometries amkati sizingapangidwe ndi makina). Kuphatikiza apo, mtengo wogwiritsa ntchito makina otere ndi wokwera.
Kuchepetsa ntchito zopanga makina a CNC
Zodulidwa pansi ndi zinthu zomwe sizingapangidwe ndi makina pogwiritsa ntchito zida zodulira wamba, chifukwa zina mwa malo awo sizingafikire mwachindunji kuchokera pamwamba.
Pali mitundu iwiri ikuluikulu ya ma undercuts: T-slots ndi dovetails. Ma undercuts amatha kukhala mbali imodzi kapena mbali ziwiri ndipo amapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito zida zapadera.
Zipangizo zodulira T-slot zimapangidwa ndi tsamba lodulira lopingasa lomwe limalumikizidwa ku shaft yoyima. M'lifupi mwa chodulira chocheperako mutha kusiyana pakati pa 3mm ndi 40mm. Tikupangira kugwiritsa ntchito kukula kokhazikika kwa m'lifupi (monga kuchulukitsa kwa millimeter yonse kapena magawo a inchi yokhazikika), chifukwa ndizotheka kuti chida choyenera chilipo kale.
Pa zida zodulira mchira wa dovetail, ngodya ndiye kukula kwake. Zida zonse ziwiri za mchira wa dovetail wa madigiri 45 ndi 60 zimaonedwa kuti ndi zokhazikika. Zida zomwe zili ndi ngodya ya madigiri 5, 10 ndi mpaka 120 (pakuwonjezeka kwa madigiri 10) ziliponso koma sizigwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri.
Chotchinga cha T (kumanzere), chotchinga cha mchira wa njiwa (pakati), ndi chotchinga cha mbali imodzi pakhoma lamkati (kumanja).
Kapangidwe kocheperako ka makina a CNC
Mukamapanga zida zokhala ndi zotchingira mkati mwa khoma, kumbukirani kuwonjezera malo okwanira pa chidacho. Lamulo labwino kwambiri ndi kuwonjezera malo ofanana ndi kuzama kokwana kanayi kwa chotchingira pakati pa khoma lopangidwa ndi makina ndi khoma lina lililonse lamkati.
Pa zida zokhazikika, chiŵerengero chapakati pa kukula kwa chitsulo chodulira ndi kukula kwa shaft ndi 2:1, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kuzama kwa chitsulocho kuchepe. Ngati pakufunika kudula kosayenera, nthawi zambiri anthu ogulitsa makina amapanga zida zawozawo zodula. Izi zitha kuwonjezera nthawi ndi ndalama, choncho pewani ngati n'kotheka.
Kujambula chithunzi chaukadaulo
Zojambula zaukadaulo nthawi zina zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mainjiniya pofotokozera akatswiri a makina zofunikira pakupanga zinthu.
Kuyika chithunzi chaukadaulo ndi mtengo wanu
Nthawi zambiri sitimafuna zojambula zaukadaulo pa maoda pa nsanja yathu, koma nthawi zina, zimatha kuwonjezera tanthauzo lofunika pa pempho la mtengo. Mafotokozedwe ena a kapangidwe sangaphatikizidwe mu fayilo ya STEP kapena IGES. Mwachitsanzo, muyenera kuphatikiza zojambula zaukadaulo za 2D ngati chitsanzo chanu chili ndi mabowo kapena shafts ndi/kapena miyeso yokhala ndi zolekerera zocheperako kuposa giredi 2768 yosankhidwa.
Ngati muwonjezera chithunzi chaukadaulo, chonde onetsetsani kuti chikugwirizana ndi zomwe zafotokozedwa m'mafayilo omwe akwezedwa. Ngati zojambula zaukadaulo sizikugwirizana ndi mafayilo omwe akwezedwa kapena zomwe zafotokozedwa mu mtengo:
Mafotokozedwe a mtengo amaonedwa kuti ndi mfundo yofunika kwambiri pa ukadaulo, zinthu ndi kumaliza pamwamba.
Zojambula zaukadaulo zimaonedwa kuti ndi mfundo yofunika kwambiri pa ulusi, mafotokozedwe a kulolerana, tsatanetsatane wa kumalizidwa kwa pamwamba, zopempha zolembera zigawo ndi mafotokozedwe a chithandizo cha kutentha.
Fayilo ya CAD imaonedwa kuti ndi mfundo yofunika kwambiri pa kapangidwe ka zigawo, mawonekedwe, kukula kwake, ndi malo ake.
Kodi njira zabwino kwambiri zogwiritsira ntchito CNC machining ndi ziti?
Pangani zida zomwe zingapangidwe pogwiritsa ntchito chida chokhala ndi mainchesi akulu kwambiri.
Onjezani zidutswa zazikulu (zochepera ⅓ kuchulukitsa kuya kwa dzenje) ku ngodya zonse zoyimirira zamkati.
Chepetsani kuya kwa mabowo kufika ku nthawi kanayi m'lifupi mwake.
Gwirizanitsani zinthu zazikulu za kapangidwe kanu ndi chimodzi mwa njira zisanu ndi chimodzi zazikulu. Ngati sizingatheke, makina a CNC a 5-axis ndi njira ina.
Tumizani chithunzi chaukadaulo pamodzi ndi chithunzi chanu ngati kapangidwe kanu kakuphatikizapo ulusi, zololera, mawonekedwe a pamwamba kapena zolemba zina za wogwiritsa ntchito makina.
Kodi muli ndi zida zomwe mukufuna kuti CNC ipangidwe? Chonde funsani gulu lathu la Gazfull.