Kaboni ndi Aloyi wa Zipangizo Zopangira Machining za CNC
Mu ntchito zamakono zopangira, makina opangira Computer Numerical Control (CNC) ndi ukadaulo wapangodya, womwe umalola kupanga zinthu zovuta m'mafakitale monga magalimoto, ndege, mafuta ndi gasi, ndi zinthu zogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu. Pakati pa njirayi pali kusankha zipangizo zoyenera, komwe zitsulo monga chitsulo zimalamulira chifukwa cha kusinthasintha kwawo, mphamvu, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito bwino ndalama. Pakati pa izi, chitsulo cha kaboni ndi chitsulo cha alloy zimaonekera ngati magulu awiri omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa makina opangira CNC. Zipangizozi zimapereka mphamvu zofanana zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito zomwe zimafuna kulimba, makina, komanso magwiridwe antchito pansi pa kupsinjika.
Chitsulo cha kaboni, chomwe ndi aloyi yachitsulo ndi kaboni yokhala ndi kaboni kuyambira 0.05% mpaka 2% polemera, chimapanga maziko a ntchito zambiri zamafakitale. Kusavuta kwake popanga zinthu—makamaka chitsulo ndi kaboni, ndi zinthu zazing'ono monga manganese, silicon, phosphorous, sulfure, ndi mpweya—kumalola kusinthasintha kwa kuuma, mphamvu, ndi kusinthasintha kutengera kuchuluka kwa kaboni. Mwachitsanzo, zitsulo zokhala ndi kaboni yochepa zimadziwika chifukwa cha kusinthasintha kwawo komanso kupangika bwino, pomwe mitundu yambiri ya kaboni imapereka kuuma kwakukulu komanso kukana kuwonongeka. Mu makina a CNC, zitsulo za kaboni zimayamikiridwa chifukwa cha kutsika mtengo kwake komanso kusavuta kuzikonza, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zoyenera kupanga zinthu zambiri monga shafts, pini, ndi zomangira.Koma chitsulo cha alloy chimamangidwa pamaziko a chitsulo cha kaboni powonjezera zinthu zina monga chromium, nickel, molybdenum, vanadium, kapena tungsten. Zowonjezera izi zimawonjezera mphamvu zinazake, kuphatikizapo kukana dzimbiri, mphamvu yokoka, kulimba, ndi kukana kutentha, popanda kuwononga kwambiri kugwira ntchito kwa chinthucho.
Zitsulo za alloy zimagawidwa m'magulu a zinthu zotsika mtengo (zokhala ndi zinthu zophatikiza mpaka 8%) ndi mitundu ya zinthu zosungunuka kwambiri, iliyonse yopangidwira malo ovuta. Mu CNC, amapanga zinthu zomwe ziyenera kupirira mikhalidwe yovuta kwambiri, monga magiya, ma axles, ndi masamba a turbine.Kusankha pakati pa chitsulo cha kaboni ndi aloyi mu makina a CNC kumadalira zinthu monga momwe gawolo likufunira kugwiritsidwa ntchito, kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe, mphamvu zamakina zofunika, ndi zoletsa bajeti. Mwachitsanzo, ngakhale chitsulo cha kaboni chingakhale chokwanira pazigawo zomangira m'malo ofatsa, chitsulo cha aloyi nthawi zambiri chimakhala chofunikira kwambiri m'malo ovuta kwambiri kapena owononga. Kumvetsetsa kapangidwe ka zipangizozi, makhalidwe ake, magiredi ake, ndi machitidwe ake opangira makina ndikofunikira kwambiri kwa mainjiniya ndi opanga kuti akonze mapangidwe, kuchepetsa ndalama, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti zinthuzo zikhalitsa nthawi yayitali.
Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza za zovuta za zitsulo za kaboni ndi alloy monga zipangizo zomangira za CNC. Tidzafufuza kapangidwe kake, makhalidwe ofunikira, magiredi ofanana, kuganizira za makina, kugwiritsa ntchito, ndi ubwino wofananiza. Pogwiritsa ntchito mfundo zodziwika bwino za sayansi ya zinthu ndi machitidwe amakampani, cholinga chathu ndi kupereka chitsogozo chokwanira kwa akatswiri omwe akufuna kugwiritsa ntchito zitsulozi moyenera m'mapulojekiti awo. Kaya ndinu wopanga zinthu kapena katswiri wa mapulogalamu a CNC, kumvetsetsa izi kungapangitse kuti pakhale zotsatira zabwino kwambiri pakupanga molondola.
Chitsulo cha Carbon: Katundu, Magiredi, ndi Kutha kwa CNC
Chitsulo cha kaboni ndi chomwe chimapangidwa komanso kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, chomwe chimapanga pafupifupi 90% ya chitsulo chonse chomwe chimatulutsa. Gulu lake limadalira kwambiri kuchuluka kwa kaboni: kaboni wochepa (wosakwana 0.30%), kaboni wapakati (0.30% mpaka 0.60%), ndi kaboni wokwera (woposa 0.60%). Gulu lililonse limapereka mawonekedwe osiyana amakina omwe amakhudza kuyenerera kwake pakupanga machining a CNC.
Kuyambira ndi zitsulo zopanda mpweya woipa, izi nthawi zambiri zimatchedwa zitsulo zofatsa chifukwa cha kufewa kwawo komanso kusinthasintha kwawo. Popeza milingo ya kaboni nthawi zambiri imakhala pakati pa 0.05% ndi 0.25%, zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe abwino kwambiri komanso kuthekera kolumikizana. Mwaukadaulo, zitsulo zopanda mpweya woipa zimapereka mphamvu zokolola pafupifupi 350 MPa ndi mphamvu zokoka mpaka 420 MPa, ndipo kutalika kwake pakusweka kumafika 15% kapena kuposerapo. Kulimba kwawo kwa Brinell ndi kochepa, pafupifupi 121, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito. Mu ntchito za CNC, zitsulo zopanda mpweya woipa monga kalasi 1018 ndizokondedwa chifukwa cha mapangidwe awo osalala a chip komanso kuwonongeka kochepa kwa zida. Giredi 1018, yopangidwa ndi 0.15-0.20% ya kaboni ndi 0.6-0.9% ya manganese, ili ndi mphamvu zokoka za 65 ksi ndi mphamvu zokolola za 48 ksi. Imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa shafts, pini, ndi zomangira m'magawo a magalimoto ndi makina, komwe kulondola komanso kugwiritsa ntchito bwino ndalama ndikofunikira kwambiri.
Zitsulo zapakati pa kaboni zimalumikiza kusiyana pakati pa ductility ndi mphamvu, ndi kuchuluka kwa kaboni kuyambira 0.30% mpaka 0.60%. Magulu awa amapereka kuuma kowonjezereka ndi mphamvu yokoka pamene akusunga makina oyenera. Makhalidwe abwino ndi monga mphamvu yokoka ya 415 MPa, mphamvu yokoka ya 620 MPa, ndi kutalika kwa 25%, ndi kuuma kwa Brinell pafupifupi 201. Giredi 1045 ikuwonetsa gulu ili, kupereka mphamvu yofanana ndi makina. Ndi kaboni pa 0.43-0.50% ndi manganese pa 0.60-0.90%, imapeza mphamvu yokoka ya 105 ksi ndi phindu la 60 ksi pambuyo pa chithandizo cha kutentha. Mu CNC machining, zitsulo zapakati pa kaboni zimafuna kusankha mosamala magawo kuti zipewe kusungunuka kwa kutentha kwambiri, komwe kungayambitse kuuma kwa ntchito. Ndizabwino kwambiri pazinthu zama hydraulic, ma axles, ndi magiya komwe kumafunika kukana kukhudzidwa.
Zitsulo zokhala ndi kaboni wambiri, zomwe zili ndi kaboni woposa 0.60%, zimaika patsogolo kuuma ndi kukana kukalamba kuposa kusinthasintha. Zinthu zomwe zili pano zikuphatikizapo mphamvu zokolola mpaka 570 MPa, mphamvu zokoka za 965 MPa, ndi kutalika kochepa pa 9%, ndipo kuuma kwa Brinell kufika 293. Zitsulozi zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kumakina chifukwa cha kufooka kwawo komanso chizolowezi chopanga ma chips olimba, nthawi zambiri zimafuna zida za carbide ndi mafuta. Ma grade wamba monga 1095 (0.90-1.03% kaboni) amagwiritsidwa ntchito podulira zida, ma spring, ndi mipeni. Mu CNC applications, zitsulo zokhala ndi kaboni wambiri zimapindula ndi kupopera annealing musanagwiritse ntchito kuti zigwire bwino ntchito, kutsatiridwa ndi kuuma kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito komaliza.
Kusagwira ntchito kwa zitsulo za kaboni kumachepa pamene kuchuluka kwa kaboni kumawonjezeka. Mitundu ya kaboni yochepa imakwera kwambiri (mpaka 100 pa chizindikiro cha makina), pomwe ya kaboni yambiri imatha kutsika kufika pa 50-60. Zinthu zomwe zimakhudza magwiridwe antchito a CNC zimaphatikizapo liwiro lodula, kuchuluka kwa chakudya, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito coolant. Mwachitsanzo, liwiro labwino kwambiri la 1018 lingakhale kuyambira 100-150 m/min ndi zida zachitsulo zothamanga kwambiri, koma zoyika za carbide zimakondedwa kuti zikhale zovuta kuti ziwonjezere moyo wa chipangizocho. Kuchiza kutentha kumachita gawo lofunika kwambiri; kubwezeretsa kapena kufewetsa zinthuzo kuti zichotsedwe mosavuta, pomwe kuzimitsa ndi kutenthetsa kumawonjezera mphamvu zomaliza.
Kugwiritsa ntchito chitsulo cha kaboni mu makina a CNC n'kwambiri. Mu makampani opanga magalimoto, kaboni wotsika ndi wapakati umapanga zigawo za injini, zigawo za chassis, ndi zinthu zoyimitsidwa. Aerospace imagwiritsa ntchito izi pazinthu zosafunikira kwenikweni, pomwe zomangamanga zimapindula ndi mphamvu zawo mu zomangira ndi mabulaketi. Gawo la mafuta ndi gasi limagwiritsa ntchito zitsulo zokhala ndi kaboni wambiri pa zobowolera ndi ma valve. Ponseponse, mtengo wotsika wa chitsulo cha kaboni—nthawi zambiri ndi 20-30% wocheperapo kuposa ma alloys—umapangitsa kuti chikhale chofunikira kwambiri popanga prototyping ndi kupanga zinthu zambiri.
Ngakhale ubwino wake uli wotani, pali zovuta zina. Zitsulo za kaboni zimatha kuzizira popanda zophimba zoteteza, zomwe zimalepheretsa kugwiritsa ntchito panja kapena m'madzi. Mitundu ya kaboni wambiri imatha kusweka panthawi yowotcherera ngati siinakonzedwe kale, ndipo makina opangira zinthu amatha kupanga ma burrs omwe amafunika kuchotsedwa. Kupita patsogolo kwa ukadaulo wa CNC, monga machitidwe owongolera osinthika, kumachepetsa izi mwa kukonza njira ndikuchepetsa kugwedezeka.
Chitsulo cha Alloy: Katundu Wowonjezera wa Ntchito Zofunikira za CNC
Chitsulo cha alloy chimakweza mphamvu za chitsulo cha kaboni mwa kuyambitsa zinthu zophatikiza zomwe zimasintha mawonekedwe ake kuti zigwirizane ndi zosowa zinazake. Chomwe chimatanthauzidwa ngati chitsulo chokhala ndi zowonjezera mwadala kupitirira kaboni (nthawi zambiri chimakhala ndi 1-50% ya alloy yonse), chimaphatikizapo zitsulo zopanda alloy (mpaka 8% ya alloys) ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya alloy. Zinthu zodziwika bwino monga chromium zimathandizira kukana dzimbiri, nickel imawonjezera kulimba, molybdenum imawonjezera mphamvu yotentha kwambiri, ndipo vanadium imawonjezera kukana kutopa.
Zitsulo zopanda aloyi ambiri, monga kalasi 4140 (zokhala ndi 0.38-0.43% ya kaboni, 0.80-1.10% ya chromium, ndi 0.15-0.25% ya molybdenum), zimapereka mphamvu yotulutsa pafupifupi 655 MPa ndi mphamvu yomangirira mpaka 950 MPa mutatenthedwa. Kutha kugwira ntchito kwawo ndi kocheperako, koyesedwa pa 65-70, ndipo kumayankha bwino kuzima ndi kutenthetsa kwa milingo yolimba ya 28-32 HRC. Mu CNC machining, zitsulo izi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zopsinjika kwambiri monga ma crankshafts, magiya, ndi ma axles m'magalimoto ndi makina olemera. Zinthu zowonjezerazi zimachepetsa kusweka poyerekeza ndi zitsulo zofanana za kaboni, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kukana bwino kukhudza.
Zitsulo zokhala ndi aloyi wambiri zimakhala ndi zowonjezera zambiri, nthawi zambiri zimaposa 10% ya chromium kuti zikhale ngati zosapanga dzimbiri popanda kukhala zosapanga dzimbiri kwathunthu. Magiredi monga 4340 (okhala ndi nickel, chromium, ndi molybdenum) amapereka mphamvu yapadera - amapereka mpaka 860 MPa - komanso kukana kutopa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito zida zoyendera ndege ndi zida zoyendetsera mafuta. Kuthekera kwa makina pano ndi kotsika, pafupifupi 50, chifukwa cha kuuma kowonjezereka, koma njira za CNC monga kugaya trochoidal zimathandiza kuchepetsa kutentha ndi kuwonongeka kwa zida.
Kapangidwe ka zitsulo za alloy kamasiyana kwambiri koma nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi mphamvu yolimba kwambiri (mpaka 1,200 MPa), kusinthasintha kwabwino, komanso kukana kutentha kwambiri poyerekeza ndi zitsulo za kaboni. Mwachitsanzo, zitsulo za alloy zimatha kusunga umphumphu kutentha kopitilira 500°C, komwe ndi koyenera kwambiri pa masamba a turbine kapena ma valve a petrochemical. Kukana dzimbiri kumawonjezeka mu zitsulo za alloy zokhala ndi chromium yambiri, zomwe zimachepetsa kufunika kwa zokutira.
Mu makina opangira CNC, zitsulo za alloy zimafuna zida zapadera, monga carbide yokutidwa kapena zoyika za ceramic, kuti zigwire ntchito zolimba. Zodulira zitha kuphatikizapo liwiro la 60-100 m/min pokonza ndi kudyetsa 0.1-0.2 mm/rev, ndi choziziritsira madzi kuti chichotse kutentha. Mankhwala otenthetsera kutentha asanayambe makina monga annealing amawongolera kulamulira kwa chip, pomwe njira zochitira pambuyo pa makina zimathandizira kukhazikika kwa mawonekedwe.
Kugwiritsa ntchito kumakhudza magawo ofunikira kwambiri. Mu ndege, zitsulo za alloy zimapanga zomangira injini ndi mafelemu omangira. Makampani opanga magalimoto amadalira izi popanga zida zotumizira ndi makina oimitsa. Mafuta ndi gasi amagwiritsa ntchito zitsulo za alloy pa mapaipi ndi makola obowola, komwe kukana kusweka ndikofunikira. Mabearing, masipuri, ndi zida zomangira m'malo osungira zamagetsi zimapindulanso ndi kulimba kwawo.
Zitsulo za zida, zomwe ndi zitsulo zopangidwa ndi alloy, ziyenera kutchulidwa chifukwa cha kuuma kwawo kwakukulu (mpaka 65 HRC) komanso kukana kukwawa. Mitundu monga H13, yokhala ndi chromium ndi vanadium, imapangidwa kudzera mu CNC kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito popanga ma dies ndi nkhungu, ngakhale kuti imafuna liwiro lochepa komanso kukhazikika kolimba kuti isasweke.
Mavuto okhudzana ndi zitsulo za alloy amaphatikizapo mtengo wokwera—nthawi zambiri 50-100% kuposa zitsulo za kaboni—ndi kuthekera kosokoneza panthawi yotenthetsera. Komabe, mawonekedwe awo owonjezereka amatsimikizira kuti ndalama zimagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino kwambiri.
Kuyerekeza kwa Carbon ndi Alloy Steel mu CNC Machining
Posankha pakati pa chitsulo cha kaboni ndi aloyi cha CNC machining, pali zinthu zingapo zomwe zimafunika. Chitsulo cha kaboni chimapambana pa mtengo wake komanso mosavuta kuchigwiritsa ntchito, ndipo carbon grades yake imakhala yolimba komanso yolimba. Komabe, sichili ndi dzimbiri komanso sichimalimbana ndi kutentha kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chisagwiritsidwe ntchito bwino m'malo ovuta.
Chitsulo cha alloy, chokhala ndi zowonjezera zake, chimapereka magwiridwe antchito abwino kwambiri pakulimba, kulimba, komanso mphamvu zotsutsa, koma popanda makina ndi mtengo wake. Mwachitsanzo, tebulo loyerekeza likuwonetsa:
katundu | Chitsulo cha Kaboni (monga, 1045) | Chitsulo cha Aloyi (monga, 4140) |
|---|---|---|
Mphamvu zokolola (MPa) | 415-570 | 655-860 |
Kuthekera | Pamwamba (70-100) | Wapakati (50-70) |
Kusakanizidwa kwa Kutentha | Low | Wamkati mpaka High |
Cost | Wapakatikati | Wapakatikati-Wapamwamba |
Mapulogalamu | Kapangidwe kake konse | Kupsinjika kwambiri, kuwononga |
Mu CNC, chitsulo cha kaboni chimagwirizana ndi zigawo zofulumira komanso zosafunikira, pomwe chitsulo cha alloy chimakondedwa pazinthu zolondola zomwe zili pansi pa katundu.
Njira zosakanikirana, monga kugwiritsa ntchito zitsulo za kaboni zokhala ndi zokutira za alloy, zingathandize kwambiri.
Kusiyana Kwakukulu Pakati pa Chitsulo cha Carbon ndi Chitsulo cha Alloy mu CNC Machining
1. Kusiyana kwa Kapangidwe ka Pakati
Kusiyana kwakukulu kuli mu kapangidwe ka mankhwala. Chitsulo cha Carbon chimachokera ku chitsulo, chokhala ndi 0.0218% ~ 2.11% ya kaboni ngati chinthu chachikulu chokhala ndi zinthu zochepa zodetsedwa. Chimagawidwa malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa kaboni: chitsulo cha carbon chochepa (<0.25%, mwachitsanzo, Q235) ndi chofewa komanso pulasitiki; chitsulo cha carbon chapakati (0.25% ~ 0.6%, mwachitsanzo, chitsulo cha 45#) chimagwirizanitsa mphamvu ndi pulasitiki; chitsulo cha carbon wambiri (<0.6%, mwachitsanzo, T10) ndi cholimba koma cholimba.
Chitsulo cha aloyi chimapangidwa powonjezera zinthu zosakaniza mwadala (chromium, nickel, etc., kuchuluka konse kwa 1% ~ makumi a peresenti) ku chitsulo cha kaboni, monga 42CrMo kuti chikhale ndi mphamvu yowonjezera ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha 304 kuti chisamavutike ndi dzimbiri, zomwe zimasintha kwambiri magwiridwe antchito ake opangira.
2. Kusiyana kwa Magwiridwe antchito a CNC
Kukana kudula: Kukana kwa chitsulo cha kaboni kumadalira kuchuluka kwa kaboni—chitsulo chopanda kaboni chimalola kudula mwachangu, kaboni wapakati ndi wotsika mtengo, ndipo kaboni wambiri umafuna liwiro lochepa. Kukana kudula kwa chitsulo cha alloy ndi kokwera ndi 20% ~ 50% kuposa chitsulo chopanda kaboni chomwecho chifukwa cha ma carbide olimba ochokera ku zinthu zosakaniza.
Kutaya kutentha: Chitsulo cha kaboni chili ndi mphamvu yabwino yotenthetsera kutentha, chimasunga kutentha kotsika kwa makina ndipo zida zimawonongeka pang'onopang'ono. Chitsulo cha aloyi chimataya kutentha bwino, ndipo kutentha kwa m'mphepete nthawi zambiri kumapitirira 800℃ (monga chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri 304), chomwe chimafuna kuziziritsa kwamphamvu kuti chida chisawonongeke ndi kuyaka kwa ntchito.
3. Njira Zosankhira Zida
Chitsulo cha kaboni: Zofunikira zochepa—HSS kapena carbide yolimba pa chitsulo chotsika/chapakati; carbide yolimba kwambiri ya cobalt (monga YG8) pa chitsulo chotsika cha kaboni. Zipangizo zosaphimbidwa kapena zophimbidwa ndi TiCN zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, zokhala ndi m'mbali zakuthwa (<0.1mm) pa chitsulo chotsika cha kaboni ndi m'mbali zonoledwa (0.1~0.2mm) pa chitsulo chotsika/chapakati cha kaboni.
Chitsulo cha alloy: Zofunikira kwambiri—zophimba za TiAlN/CrN, m'mbali zokongoletsedwa bwino (0.2 ~ 0.5mm), ndi zida zogwirira ntchito bwino kwambiri kuti zipirire kutentha kwambiri komanso kugwedezeka.
4. Zochitika Zogwiritsira Ntchito ndi Malangizo Osankha
Chitsulo chopanda mpweya wambiri (10#, Q235): Choyenera maboluti, ma casing—mtengo wotsika, komanso chogwira ntchito bwino kwambiri.
Chitsulo chapakati cha kaboni (45#): Chabwino kwambiri pa magiya, ma shaft—ntchito yabwino, kwambiri
zinthu zogwiritsidwa ntchito pa msonkhano wamba.
Chitsulo cha kaboni wambiri (T8, T10): Chogwiritsidwa ntchito pa zipangizo, nkhungu—chimafuna liwiro lochepa komanso kuziziritsa kwamphamvu.
Chitsulo cha aloyi (42CrMo, 304): Chimagwirizana ndi ma crankshaft a magalimoto, zida za ndege—chimakwaniritsa zofunikira kwambiri pakugwira ntchito ngakhale kuti mtengo wake ndi wokwera.
6. Chidule
Kusiyana kwa makina pakati pa zitsulo ziwirizi kumachokera ku kusiyana kwa kapangidwe kake. Kudziwa kusiyana kumeneku kungachepetse kuwonongeka kwa zida ndi 30% ndikuwonjezera magwiridwe antchito ndi 20%. Kukhazikitsa database ya "njira yogwiritsira ntchito zida" kumathandiza kupeza mgwirizano wabwino pakati pa mtengo ndi magwiridwe antchito pamakina a CNC olondola kwambiri.
Malingaliro a Machining ndi Zochita Zabwino Kwambiri
Kukonza bwino CNC kwa zitsulo za kaboni ndi aloyi kumafuna kusamala pa zida, magawo, ndi njira. Zida za kaboni ndi zokhazikika pa zonse ziwiri, koma aloyi angafunike mitundu yophimbidwa ndi CVD kuti ikhale ndi moyo wautali. Kudula madzi kumathandiza kuti kutentha kutenthe kwambiri, makamaka m'magulu okhala ndi kaboni wambiri kapena aloyi omwe amatha kugwira ntchito molimbika.
Ma parameter amasiyana: pa zitsulo za kaboni, liwiro lalikulu (120-180 m/min) ndi ma feed (0.15-0.3 mm/rev); pa zitsulo zosungunulira, lotsika (80-120 m/min) kuti lizitha kuyendetsa kutentha. Makina olimba amachepetsa kugwedezeka, ndipo pulogalamu ya CAM imakonza njira zogwirira ntchito bwino.
Mavuto omwe amapezeka nthawi zambiri ndi monga kuwongolera ma chip—kugwiritsa ntchito ma chip breaker—ndi kumalizidwa kwa pamwamba, komwe kumathetsedwa kudzera mu kupukuta. Njira zotetezera, monga mpweya wabwino wothira utsi, ndizofunikira.
Kupita patsogolo monga makina othamanga kwambiri (HSM) ndi kuzizira kwa cryogenic kumathandizira kuti zinthuzi zitheke.
Kutsiliza
Zitsulo za kaboni ndi aloyi zimakhalabe zofunika kwambiri pakupanga CNC, zomwe zimapereka zinthu zosiyanasiyana kuyambira pamtengo wotsika komanso zosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu ya kaboni mpaka kulimba kwa aloyi. Pomvetsetsa kapangidwe kake, magiredi, ndi machitidwe ake, opanga amatha kusankha bwino ntchito kuyambira zomangira za tsiku ndi tsiku mpaka zida zoyendera ndege. Pamene ukadaulo ukusintha, zipangizozi zipitiliza kuyendetsa luso laukadaulo wolondola, ndikulinganiza magwiridwe antchito ndi magwiridwe antchito.