Waro me te Koranu mō ngā Rauemi Mīhini CNC
I roto i te ao hanga hou, ko te mīhini Mana Tau Rorohiko (CNC) te tū hei hangarau tūāpapa, e āhei ai te whakaputa tika me te whai hua o ngā wāhanga uaua puta noa i ngā ahumahi pēnei i te motuka, te rererangi, te hinu me te hau, me ngā taonga kaihoko. Kei te ngākau o tēnei tukanga ko te kōwhiringa o ngā rauemi e tika ana, ko ngā konganuku pēnei i te maitai te mea nui nā te maha o ngā whakamahinga, te kaha, me te utu whai hua. I roto i ēnei, ko te maitai waro me te maitai koranu te mea e rua o ngā kāwai e whakamahia whānuitia ana mō te mīhini CNC. Ka tukuna e ēnei rauemi he taurite o ngā āhuatanga miihini e pai ai mō ngā tono e hiahia ana ki te roa, te ngāwari ki te mīhini, me te mahi i raro i te taumahatanga.
Ko te maitai waro, he koranu rino-waro te pūtake, kei waenganui i te 0.05% ki te 2% te taumaha o te waro, koia te poutokomanawa o ngā mahi ahumahi maha. Nā tōna ngāwari o te hanganga—ko te rino me te waro te nuinga, me ngā huānga iti pēnei i te manganese, te silicon, te phosphorus, te whanariki, me te hāora—ka taea te whakarerekē i te pakeke, te kaha, me te ngāwari i runga i ngā taumata waro. Hei tauira, e mōhiotia ana ngā maitai waro-iti mō tō rātou ngāwari ki te whakarewa me te hanga, ko ngā momo waro-teitei he pai ake te pakeke me te ātete ki te kakahu. I roto i te miihini CNC, e arohaina ana ngā maitai waro mō te utu iti me te ngāwari o te tukatuka, e pai ai mō te hanga nui o ngā wāhanga pēnei i ngā pou, ngā pine, me ngā whakapiri.Ko te maitai koranu, i tētahi atu taha, ka hangaia ki runga i te turanga o te maitai waro mā te whakauru i ngā huānga koranu tāpiri pērā i te chromium, te nickel, te molybdenum, te vanadium, te tungsten rānei. Ka whakarei ake ēnei tāpiri i ngā āhuatanga motuhake, tae atu ki te ātete ki te waikura, te kaha kume, te pakari, me te ātete ki te wera, me te kore e tino whakararu i te kaha mahi o te rauemi turanga.
Ka whakarōpūtia ngā maitai koranu ki ngā momo koranu-iti (tae atu ki te 8% o ngā huānga koranu) me ngā momo koranu-teitei, ia momo he mea hanga mō ngā taiao uaua. I roto i ngā horopaki CNC, he tino pai rātou ki te whakaputa i ngā wāhanga me tu atu ki ngā āhuatanga tino kino, pērā i ngā taputapu, ngā toki, me ngā mata o te tāhūhū.Ko te kōwhiringa i waenga i te maitai waro me te maitai koranu i roto i te miihini CNC e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te whakamahinga e tika ana mō te wāhanga, te pānga ki te taiao, ngā āhuatanga miihini e hiahiatia ana, me ngā herenga tahua. Hei tauira, ahakoa he rawaka pea te maitai waro mō ngā wāhanga hanganga i roto i ngā āhuatanga ngawari, he mea nui te maitai koranu i roto i ngā tautuhinga ahotea nui, waikura rānei. He mea nui te mārama ki ngā hanganga, ngā āhuatanga, ngā māka, me ngā whanonga miihini o ēnei rauemi mō ngā kaihanga ki te arotau i ngā hoahoa, ki te whakaiti i ngā utu, me te whakarite kia roa te ora o te hua.
Ka rukuhia e tēnei tuhinga ngā āhuatanga uaua o ngā maitai waro me te maitai koranu hei rauemi miihini CNC. Ka tūhuratia e mātou ō rātou hanganga, ngā āhuatanga matua, ngā tohu noa, ngā whakaaro mō te kaha ki te miihini, ngā tono, me ngā painga whakataurite. Mā te whakamahi i ngā mātāpono pūtaiao rauemi kua whakapumautia me ngā mahi ahumahi, ko tā mātou whāinga he whakarato i tētahi aratohu whānui mō ngā tohunga e hiahia ana ki te whakamahi pai i ēnei maitai i roto i ā rātou kaupapa. Ahakoa he kaihoahoa koe e tohu ana i ngā rauemi, he mīhini rānei e whakarite ana i ngā mahi CNC, mā te hopu i ēnei kaupapa matua ka taea te arahi ki ngā putanga pai ake i roto i te hanga tika.
Te maitai waro: Ngā āhuatanga, ngā tohu, me te āheinga miihini CNC
Ko te maitai waro te momo maitai e tino hangaia ana, e whakamahia ana hoki i te ao katoa, e tata ana ki te 90% o te katoa o ngā maitai e whakaputaina ana. Ko tōna whakarōpūtanga e ahu mai ana i te nui o te waro: te waro-iti (iti iho i te 0.30%), te waro-waenga (0.30% ki te 0.60%), me te waro-nui (neke atu i te 0.60%). He rerekē ngā āhuatanga miihini o ia wāhanga iti e pā ana ki tōna pai mō te miihini CNC.
Ka tīmata i ngā maitai waro-iti, ka kiia ēnei he maitai ngawari nā te mea he ngawari, he ngāwari hoki. Me ngā taumata waro i waenga i te 0.05% me te 0.25%, he tino pai te āhua o te hanganga me te whakarewa. I roto i te hangarau, ka tukuna e ngā maitai waro-iti te kaha whakaputa tata ki te 350 MPa me te kaha kume tae atu ki te 420 MPa, me te roa i te wā e whati ana ka eke ki te 15% neke atu rānei. He iti te pakeke o Brinell, tata ki te 121, e tino taea ai te miihini. I roto i ngā mahi CNC, ko ngā maitai waro-iti pēnei i te karaehe 1018 te mea tino pai mō te hanganga maramara maeneene me te iti o te kakahu taputapu. Ko te karaehe 1018, he mea tito mai i te 0.15-0.20% waro me te 0.6-0.9% konupora, e whakamanamana ana ki te kaha kume mutunga o te 65 ksi me te kaha whakaputa o te 48 ksi. He mea whakamahi noa mō ngā toki, ngā pine, me ngā whakapiri i roto i ngā rāngai motuka me te mīhini, he mea nui te tika me te whai hua o te utu.
Ka honoa e ngā maitai waro-waenga te āputa i waenga i te ngāwari me te kaha, me te ihirangi waro mai i te 0.30% ki te 0.60%. Ka whakaratohia e ēnei tohu te pakeke me te kaha kume, me te pupuri tonu i te kaha miihini. Ko ngā āhuatanga noa ko te kaha hua o te 415 MPa, te kaha kume o te 620 MPa, me te roa o te 25%, me te pakeke Brinell tata ki te 201. Ko te tohu 1045 te tauira o tēnei kāwai, e tuku ana i te taurite o te kaha me te kaha miihini. Me te waro i te 0.43-0.50% me te konupora i te 0.60-0.90%, ka tutuki i a ia te kaha kume mutunga o te 105 ksi me te hua o te 60 ksi i muri i te maimoatanga wera. I roto i te miihini CNC, me whiriwhiri āta ngā tawhā mō ngā maitai waro-waenga kia kore ai e nui te wera, ka arahi pea ki te whakapakeketanga mahi. He pai mō ngā wāhanga waipēhi, ngā toki, me ngā taputapu e hiahiatia ana te ātete pānga.
Ko ngā maitai waro-nui, neke atu i te 0.60% te waro, ka whakanuia te pakeke me te ātete ki te kakahu i te ngāwari. Kei roto i ngā āhuatanga o konei ko te kaha hua tae atu ki te 570 MPa, te kaha kume o te 965 MPa, me te roa iti iho i te 9%, me te pakeke Brinell e eke ana ki te 293. He uaua ake te mīhini i ēnei maitai nā te mea he pakarukaru me te āhua ki te hanga maramara mārō, he maha ngā wā ka hiahiatia he taputapu carbide me ngā hinu whakahinuhinu. Ko ngā momo noa pēnei i te 1095 (0.90-1.03% waro) ka whakamahia mō ngā taputapu tapahi, ngā puna, me ngā maripi. I roto i ngā tono CNC, ka whai hua ngā maitai waro-nui mai i te whakamahana i mua i te mīhini hei whakapai ake i te mahi, ā, muri iho ka whakapakeketia mō te whakamahinga whakamutunga.
Ka heke te āheinga miihini o ngā maitai waro i te pikinga ake o te ihirangi waro. Ka tino teitei te reiti o ngā momo waro-iti (tae atu ki te 100 i runga i te taupū āheinga miihini), ko ngā mea waro-nui ka heke pea ki te 50-60. Ko ngā āhuatanga e pā ana ki te mahi CNC ko te tere tapahi, te tere whāngai, me te whakamahinga o te whakamatao. Hei tauira, ko ngā tere tino pai mō te 1018 ka rerekē pea i waenga i te 100-150 m/min me ngā taputapu maitai tere-rahi, engari he pai ake ngā whakaurunga carbide mō ngā momo pakeke hei whakaroa i te roa o te ora o te taputapu. He mea nui te maimoatanga wera; mā te whakataurite, te whakamahana rānei ka whakangawari i te rauemi kia māmā ake te tango maramara, ko te tinei me te whakamahana ka whakarei ake i ngā āhuatanga whakamutunga.
He whānuitia ngā whakamahinga o te maitai waro i roto i te miihini CNC. I roto i te umanga motuka, ka hangaia e ngā taumata waro-iti me te waro-waenga ngā wāhanga miihini, ngā wāhanga chassis, me ngā huānga whakatārewatanga. Ka whakamahia e te rererangi ēnei mō ngā taonga hanganga kore-tino nui, engari ka whai hua te hanganga mai i tōna kaha i roto i ngā whakapiri me ngā whāriki. Ka whakamahia e te rāngai hinu me te hau ngā maitai waro-nui mō ngā mata wiri me ngā takirere. I te nuinga, ko te iti o te utu o te maitai waro - he maha ngā wā he 20-30% te iti iho i ngā koranu - he mea nui mō te hanga tauira me te hanga papatipu.
Ahakoa ngā painga, kei reira tonu ngā wero. He ngāwari te waikura o ngā maitai waro ki te kore he paninga tiaki, ka whakawhāiti i te whakamahinga o waho, o te moana rānei. Ka pakaru pea ngā momo maitai waro-nui i te wā whakarewa mena kāore i whakamahanahia, ā, ka puta pea he pūwero e hiahiatia ana kia tangohia ngā pūwero i te mīhini. Mā ngā whanaketanga o te hangarau CNC, pērā i ngā pūnaha whakahaere urutau, ka whakaitihia ēnei mā te arotau i ngā ara me te whakaiti i ngā wiri.
Rino Koranu: Ngā Āhuatanga Whakapai ake mō ngā Taupānga CNC Tino Tonu
Ka whakanuia e te maitai koranu ngā kaha o te maitai waro mā te whakauru i ngā huānga koranu e whakarite ana i ngā āhuatanga mō ngā hiahia motuhake. E tautuhia ana ko te maitai me ngā tāpiringa ātaahua i tua atu i te waro (ko te nuinga o te 1-50% o te ihirangi koranu katoa), kei roto ko ngā maitai koranu-iti (tae atu ki te 8% o ngā koranu) me ngā momo koranu-teitei. Ka whakapai ake ngā huānga noa pēnei i te chromium i te ātete ki te waikura, ka whakanuia e te nickel te pakari, ka whakanuia e te molybdenum te kaha o te pāmahana teitei, ā, ka whakanuia e te vanadium te ātete ki te kakahu.
Ko ngā maitai iti-koranu, pērā i te karaehe 4140 (kei roto ko te 0.38-0.43% waro, 0.80-1.10% chromium, me te 0.15-0.25% molybdenum), ka tukuna he kaha whakaputa tata ki te 655 MPa me te kaha kume tae atu ki te 950 MPa i muri i te maimoatanga wera. He taurite te kaha miihini, ko te whakatauranga kei te 65-70, ā, ka pai te urupare ki te tinei me te whakamahana mō ngā taumata pakeke o te 28-32 HRC. I roto i te miihini CNC, ka whakamahia ēnei maitai mō ngā wāhanga taumaha-teitei pērā i ngā toki porowhita, ngā taputapu, me ngā toki i roto i ngā mīhini motuka me ngā mīhini taumaha. Ka whakaitihia e ngā huānga tāpiri te pakarukaru ki te whakataurite ki ngā maitai waro ōrite, ka taea ai te ātete pai ake i te pānga.
Ko ngā maitai koranu-teitei he nui ake ngā tāpiringa, he maha ngā wā ka nui ake i te 10% te chromium mō ngā āhuatanga rite ki te kowiri tira, engari kāore i te tino kowiri tira. Ko ngā momo pērā i te 4340 (me te nikara, te chromium, me te molybdenum) e whakarato ana i te kaha tino pai—tae atu ki te 860 MPa—me te ātete ki te ngenge, e pai ai mō ngā taputapu taunga rererangi me ngā wāhanga o te waka hinu. He iti ake te kaha ki te miihini i konei, tata ki te 50, nā te pikinga o te pakeke, engari ko ngā tikanga CNC pērā i te mira trochoidal ka āwhina i te whakahaere i te wera me te kakahu o ngā taputapu.
He rerekē ngā āhuatanga o ngā maitai koranu engari ko te nuinga o te wā ko te kaha kume teitei ake (tae atu ki te 1,200 MPa), te ngāwari ake, me te ātete wera pai ake ki ngā maitai waro. Hei tauira, ka taea e ngā maitai koranu te pupuri i te pumau i ngā pāmahana neke atu i te 500°C, he mea pai mō ngā mata tāpine, mō ngā takirere hinu rānei. Ka whakanuia te ātete waikura i roto i ngā koranu whai chromium, ka whakaiti i te hiahia mō ngā paninga.
I roto i te miihini CNC, me whakamahi ngā taputapu motuhake mō ngā maitai koranu, pērā i te carbide pania, i ngā whakaurunga uku rānei, hei whakahaere i tō rātou pakari. Tērā pea ko ngā tawhā tapahi ko ngā tere o te 60-100 m/min mō te taratara me ngā whāngai o te 0.1-0.2 mm/rev, me te waipuke whakamatao hei whakamarara i te wera. Mā ngā maimoatanga wera i mua i te miihinitanga pērā i te whakamahana ka pai ake te whakahaere maramara, ā, mā ngā tukanga i muri i te miihinitanga ka mau tonu te pumau o ngā āhuatanga.
Ka horapa ngā tono ki ngā rāngai nui. I roto i te ao rererangi, ka hangaia e ngā maitai koranu ngā turanga miihini me ngā anga hanganga. Ka whakawhirinaki te umanga motuka ki a rātou mō ngā wāhanga tuku me ngā pūnaha whakatārewatanga. Ka whakamahia e te hinu me te hau ngā maitai koranu mō ngā paipa me ngā kara wiri, he mea nui te ātete ki te pakū. Ka whai hua anō hoki ngā peera, ngā puna, me ngā wāhanga hanganga i roto i ngā whare hikohiko nā tō rātou pakari.
Ko ngā maitai taputapu, he wāhanga iti o ngā maitai koranu, e tika ana kia whakahuatia mō ō rātou pakeke rawa (tae atu ki te 65 HRC) me te ātete ki te pakū. Ko ngā momo pēnei i te H13, me te chromium me te vanadium, ka mīhinihia mā te CNC mō ngā mate me ngā pokepoke, ahakoa me tere puhoi me ngā whakatakotoranga pakari hei ārai i te pakaru.
Ko ētahi o ngā wero o ngā maitai koranu ko te nui ake o ngā utu—he maha ngā wā he 50-100% te nui ake i ngā maitai waro—me te tūponotanga ka hē te hanga i te wā e whakamahanatia ana. Heoi, ko ō rātou āhuatanga whakarei ake e tika ana kia haumi ki ngā tono mahi teitei.
Te Whakataurite i te Waro me te Rino Koranu i roto i te Mīhini CNC
I te wā e whiriwhiri ana i waenga i te maitai waro me te maitai koranu mō te miihini CNC, he maha ngā mea ka whai wāhi atu. He pai te utu me te ngāwari o te miihini o te maitai waro, ā, he pai ake te kaha whakarewa me te hanga o ngā momo waro iti. Heoi, kāore i te waikura, kāore hoki i te ātete ki te pāmahana teitei, nā reira kāore i te pai mō ngā taiao uaua.
Ko te maitai koranu, me ōna whakarei ake kua whakaritea, ka pai ake te mahi whānui i roto i te kaha, te pakari, me ngā āhuatanga ātete, engari i te utu iti iho i te ngāwari o te miihini me te utu. Hei tauira, e whakaatu ana te ripanga whakatairite:
Āhuatanga | Te maitai waro (hei tauira, 1045) | Rino Koranu (hei tauira, 4140) |
|---|---|---|
Kaha Tuku (MPa) | 415-570 | 655-860 |
Whakahau | Teitei (70-100) | Tauwari (50-70) |
Whakatika Tae | iti | Whakaōritehia ki runga |
utu | Waenga-Waenganui | Te Waenga-Rawa |
tono | Hanganga whānui | Te ahotea nui, te waikura |
I roto i ngā horopaki CNC, he pai te maitai waro mō ngā tauira tere me ngā wāhanga kore-tino nui, ko te maitai koranu ia he pai ake mō ngā wāhanga tino tika kei raro i te kawenga.
Ka taea e ngā huarahi ranu, pērā i te whakamahi i ngā matua maitai waro me ngā paninga koranu, te whakanui ake i ngā painga.
Ngā Rerekētanga Matua i waenga i te Rino Waro me te Rino Koranu i roto i te Mīhini CNC
1. Te Rerekētanga o te Hanganga Matua
Ko te rerekētanga matua kei roto i te hanganga matū. He rino te maitai waro, kei roto ko te 0.0218%~2.11% te waro hei huānga matua, he iti te poke. Ka whakarōpūtia e te nui o te waro: he ngohengohe te maitai waro-iti (<0.25%, hei tauira, Q235) ā, he kirihou; he taurite te maitai waro-waenga (0.25%~0.6%, hei tauira, 45# te maitai) ki te kaha me te ngāwari; he pakeke te maitai waro-nui (>0.6%, hei tauira, T10) engari he pakarukaru.
Ka hangaia te maitai koranu mā te tāpiri i ngā huānga koranu ā-tauira (konukōmiuma, nikara, me ētahi atu, ko te tapeke o te ihirangi he 1%~tekau ōrau) ki te maitai waro, pērā i te 42CrMo hei whakapakari i te kaha me te maitai kowiri tira 304 hei ātete ki te waikura, ka tino whakarerekē i te mahi miihini.
2. Āputa Mahi Tapahi CNC
Ātete tapahi: Ko te ātete o te maitai waro e whakawhirinaki ana ki te nui o te waro—ka taea e te maitai waro iti te tapahi tere, he iti te utu o te waro waenga, ā, me tere te waro nui. Ko te ātete tapahi o te maitai koranu he 20%~50% teitei ake i te maitai waro waro-rite nā te mea he waro mārō mai i ngā huānga koranu.
Te Whakamarara Wera: He pai te kawe wera o te maitai waro, e pupuri ana i te pāmahana mīhini kia iti, ā, e puhoi ai te pakaru o te taputapu. Kāore te maitai koranu e tino marara te wera, ā, he maha ngā pāmahana taha e neke atu ana i te 800℃ (hei tauira, te maitai kore waikura 304), me whakamatao pēhanga teitei hei ārai i te kino o te taputapu me te wera o te wahi mahi.
3. Paearu Kōwhiri Utauta
Maitai waro: Ngā whakaritenga iti—HSS, kāpira sima rānei mō te maitai waro-iti/waenga; kāpira sima kopara-tiketike (hei tauira, YG8) mō te maitai waro-tiketike. Ka whakamahia ngā taputapu kāore i pania, i pania rānei ki te TiCN, he koi ngā taha (<0.1mm) mō te maitai waro-tiketike, ā, he koi ngā taha (0.1~0.2mm) mō te maitai waro-tiketike.
Rino koranu: Ngā whakaritenga teitei—ngā paninga TiAlN/CrN, ngā taha kua whakakoihia (0.2~0.5mm), me ngā rauemi taputapu mahi teitei hei tu atu i te pāmahana tiketike me te pānga.
4. Ngā horopaki tono me ngā whakaaro kōwhiringa
Rino waro-iti (10#, Q235): He pai mō ngā pūtu, ngā anga—he iti te utu, he nui te whai hua.
maitai waro-waenga (45#): He pai mō ngā taputapu, ngā toki—te mahi taurite, te tino
ngā rauemi awheawhe noa.
Maitai waro-teitei (T8, T10): Whakamahia mō ngā taputapu, ngā pokepokea ai—me tere puhoi, me kaha hoki te whakamatao.
Rino koranu (42CrMo, 304): E uru ana ki ngā toki porotaka o ngā motuka, ngā wāhanga rererangi—e tutuki ana i ngā whakaritenga mahi tino pakari ahakoa te utu nui.
6. whakarāpopototanga
Ko ngā rerekētanga mīhini i waenga i ngā maitai e rua i ahu mai i ngā rerekētanga hanganga. Mā te whakahaere i ēnei rerekētanga ka taea te whakaiti i te kakahu o ngā taputapu mā te neke atu i te 30% me te whakapai ake i te whai huatanga mā te 20%. Mā te whakatū i tētahi pātengi raraunga "rauemi-utauta-tukanga" ka āwhina i te whakatutuki i te taurite pai i waenga i te utu me te whai huatanga i roto i te mīhini CNC tino tika.
Nga Whakaaro Miihini me nga Mahi Pai
Ko te miihini CNC whai hua o ngā maitai waro me te maitai koranu me aro ki ngā taputapu, ngā tawhā, me ngā tikanga. He paerewa ngā taputapu carbide mō ngā mea e rua, engari me whakamahi pea ngā koranu i ngā momo paninga CVD kia roa ai te wā. Ka ārai ngā wai tapahi i te wera nui, inā koa i ngā momo waro-tiketike, ko ngā koranu rānei e ngāwari ana ki te whakapakeke.
He rerekē ngā tawhā: mō ngā maitai waro, he tere teitei ake (120-180 m/min) me ngā whāngai (0.15-0.3 mm/rev); mō ngā koranu, he iti ake (80-120 m/min) hei whakahaere i te wera. Ka whakaitihia e ngā whakatakotoranga mīhini pakari ngā wiri, ā, ka arotauhia e te pūmanawa CAM ngā ara mō te whai huatanga.
Ko ngā wero noa ko te whakahaere maramara—te whakamahi i ngā mea pakaru maramara—me te whakaotinga o te mata, mā te whakakanapa. He mea nui ngā tikanga haumaru, pērā i te hauhautanga tika mō ngā auahi.
Mā ngā whanaketanga pēnei i te miihini tere-rahi (HSM) me te whakamatao cryogenic ka pai ake ngā hua mō ēnei rauemi.
Opaniraa
He mea nui tonu ngā maitai waro me te maitai whakarewa i roto i te miihini CNC, e tuku ana i ngā āhuatanga maha mai i te utu iti me te ngāwari o ngā momo waro ki te roa o te mau o ngā maitai whakarewa. Mā te mārama ki ō rātou hanganga, ngā tohu, me ngā whanonga, ka taea e ngā kaihanga te whiriwhiri pai mō ngā tono mai i ngā whakapiri o ia rā ki ngā wāhanga rererangi. I te whanaketanga o te hangarau, ka haere tonu ēnei rauemi ki te akiaki i te auahatanga i roto i te hangarau tika, me te whakataurite i te mahi me te whai hua.